HARDWARE & NETWORKING TUTORIAL

CPU / Processors Slots & Sockets:- The " Brain "of any computer is the CPU "Central Processing Unit". There is no computer without CPU. There are different type of processors are used in computers from the beginning,(we will discuss about them later in other post)different type of processor means different type of slots/sockets which is present on the motherboard.  Sockets & slots on the motherboard are almost as plentiful & as processors. Sockets are basically flat & several rows of holes or pins arranged in a square. Sockets are of two types PGA & LGA . PGA sockets has holes to receive the pins on the processor, Where as LGA has spring-loaded pins in the socket & a grid of lands on the processor. The LGA is a newer technology that places the delicate pins on the cheaper motherboard, not the more expensive processor, opposite to the way the aging PGA does.  The device with the pins has to be replaced if the pins become too damaged t

MEMORY SLOTS & EXTERNAL CACHE :- Memory, or Random Access Memory(RAM), Slots are the next most prolific slots on a motherboard, & they contain the modules that hold memory chips that make up primary memory. In this session we will become familiar with the appearance & specifications of the slots on the motherboard. Today's most of the memory chips arranged on a small circuit board. These circuit boards are called DIMMs (Dual inline memory modules). Today's DIMMs differ in the number of conductors, or pins that the particular physical specification uses.  Some Common examples                                          * 30 Pin                                          * 72 Pin                                          * 144 Pin                                          * 168 Pin                                          * 184 Pin                                          * 240 pin  configuration Laptop memory comes in smaller form factors known as SODI

COMPONENTS OF A MOTHERBOARD 2// EXPANSION SLOTS & BUSES:->     The most visible Parts of any motherboard are " Expansion Slots ". These look like small plastic slots, usually from 1 to 6 inches long & approximately 1/2 inch wide. As their name suggests, these slots are used to install  various devices in the computer to expand its capabilities. some expansion devices that might be installed in these slots include Video, Network, Sound, & Disk interface Cards.     If you look at the motherboard in your computer, you will more than likely see one of the main types of expansion slots used in computers today. PCI AGP PCIe AMR CNR Each type of slots differs in appearance & function. In this session we will learn how to visually identify the different expansion slots on the motherboard. * PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)       Today's most of the motherboards contain 32 bit (PCI) slots. They are easily recognized b

In this session we will learn & know about the Components of a Motherboard, Where it placed on the motherboard, Which function they are performed & how to interact with other components as well as other hardware. To each components deeply first thing we must know is "Bus" architecture.     {{ Many components of a computer system work on the basis of         a "bus". A "bus",in the sense,is a common collection of           signal Pathways over which related devices communicate           within the computer system.        Expansion buses of various architectures,such as PCI &           AGP, incorporate slots at certain points in the bus to           allow insertion of external devices, or adapters,into the         bus, usually with no regard to which adapters are                 inserted into which slots.         The term "bus" is also used in any parallel or bit-               serial wiring implement where multiple devices can

1st question which arise in our mind what is Hardware & what is Software?  Answer is simple , In information technology (IT) Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications & other devices In other words simply the physical parts of a computer is called hardware , Like Motherboard, RAM, Hard disk, etc. these hardware when inter connected with each other they create a platform where logical part (software) of the computer runs. Without physical part logical part can't work.Both the physical parts & logical parts when work together called computer. Physical parts of computer :- Motherboard Processor RAM Hard disk SMPS Optical Drive Display Devices. 1))  Motherboard :-   A motherboard is the main Printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. This Board is central communications backbone connectivity point, through which all components & external peripherals connect. Motherboards are classified by their design Like : ATX, Micro ATX, NL

Types of computer:- Mainly computers are divided into 4 types according to there function & capacity. Super Computer Mainframe Computer Mini Computer Micro Computer 1)) Super Computer :-   { CRAY Research: CRAY - 1 & CRAY - 2, Fujitsu (VP 2000), Hitachi (S820), NEC (SX 20), PARAM 10000 by C-DAC, Anupam by BARC, PACE series by DRDO } Most powerful computer system - needs a large room. Minimum world length is 64 bits. CPU speed : 100 MIPS. Equivalent to 4000 computers. High cost : 4 - 5 millions. Able to handle large no. of data. High power consumption. High precision. Large & fast memory ( Primary & Secondary ) Uses multiprocessing & parallel processing supports multi programming. Applications :- In petroleum industry - to analyze volumes of seismic data which are gathered during oil seeking explorations to identify areas where there is possibility of getting petroleum products inside the earth. In aerospace industry - to simulate