GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
An Idea which inspired to create a different type of calculating machine was came from an ancient device named ABACUS.ABACUS is a simple calculating table which is used to perform simple calculation at that time
Generations of computers has been divided into five categories according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the Processors, Memories & I/O units.
1st Generation :- 1945 - 1955
{ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator
EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
IBM 701}
1938 "KONRAD ZUSE" Built the first digital relay computer named ENIAC. After 1946 two American " J.Presper Eckert " & " John Mauchly " build 2nd ENIAC with vacuum tube technology.
After using of vacuum tube technology " Charles Babbage " the person who invented small size Computer.
* Consume more power with limited performance.
* High cost.
* Mercury delay line memories & electrostatic memories were used.
* Punched cards & paper tapes were invented to feed programs & data & to get result.
* Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory.
* Mainly used for scientific computations.
2nd Generation :- 1955 - 1965
{ Manufacturers - IBM 7030, Digital Data Corporation's PDP 1/5/8 Honeywell 400}
* Small in size comparison to ENIAC.
* Laser power consumption & better performance.
* Magnetic tapes & Magnetic disks were used as secondary memory.
* Magnetic ferrite core memories were used as main memory which is a Random Access Memory.
* High level languages like FORTRAN , COBOL etc were used.
* Separate input-output processors were developed that could operate in parallel with CPU.
* Punched cards continued During this period also.
* Increasingly used in Business, Industry & Commercial organisation.
3rd Generation :- 1965 - 1975
{ System 360 Mainframe from IBM, PDP - 8 mini computer from Digital Equipment Corporation }
* Small scale integration & medium scale integration technology were implemented in CPU,I/O Processors.
* In the beginning magnetic core memories were used , but they were replaced by semi conductor memories (RAM / ROM).
* Introduced micro programming.
* Operating system software were introduced.
* Cache & virtual memories were introduced.
* High level languages were standardized by ANSI.
* Database management, Multi-user application, Online systems like closed loop process control, airline reservation, automatic industrial control etc emerged in this period.
4th Generation :- 1975 - 1989
{ Intel's 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Motorola's 68000, 68030, 68040, Apple II, CRAY I/2/X/MP etc.}
* VLSI design implemented ( thousands of transistors can be placed in a single chip )
* CRT screen, Laser & Inkjet printers, Scanners were developed.
* Semiconductor memory chips were used as the main memory.
* Floppy disks & magnetic tapes were used for backup memory.
* LAN & WAN were developed.
* Introduced C language & Unix OS.
* Introduced Graphical user interface.
* Very compact & increase in the speed of operation.
5th Generation :- 1989 - Present
{ IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs - Pentium 1 /2 /3 /4 /Dual Core /Quad Core, Sun work Stations, Origin 2000, PARAM 10000, IBM SP/2}
* Computers use extensive parallel processing, multiple processors etc.
* Introduced "Ultra Large Scale Integration"(ULSI) technology.
< Intel's P4 microprocessor contain 55 million transistors million of components on a single IC chip >
* Super scalar, Vector, SIMD Processors, 32 bit micro controllers & embeded processors, Digital signal processors (DSP) have been developed.
* Memory chip up to 1 GB, Hard disk drives up to 180 GB are available(still increasing)
* Object oriented language like JAVA suitable for internet programming has been developed.
* Introduced World Wide Web (e-mail, e-commerce, multimedia application etc.)
* New operating systems developed [ Windows 95 / 98 / XP / Linux etc. ]
* Got hot pluggable features.
An Idea which inspired to create a different type of calculating machine was came from an ancient device named ABACUS.ABACUS is a simple calculating table which is used to perform simple calculation at that time
ABACUS
The first electronic computer was designed & built at the university of Pennsylvania based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations & to store data.Generations of computers has been divided into five categories according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the Processors, Memories & I/O units.
1st Generation :- 1945 - 1955
{ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator
EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
IBM 701}
1938 "KONRAD ZUSE" Built the first digital relay computer named ENIAC. After 1946 two American " J.Presper Eckert " & " John Mauchly " build 2nd ENIAC with vacuum tube technology.
After using of vacuum tube technology " Charles Babbage " the person who invented small size Computer.
VACUUM TUBES
* Vacuum tubes were used basic arithmetic operations.* Consume more power with limited performance.
* High cost.
* Mercury delay line memories & electrostatic memories were used.
* Punched cards & paper tapes were invented to feed programs & data & to get result.
* Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory.
* Mainly used for scientific computations.
ENIAC
2nd Generation :- 1955 - 1965
{ Manufacturers - IBM 7030, Digital Data Corporation's PDP 1/5/8 Honeywell 400}
2nd gen computer
* Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.(Invented at AT & T Bell lab in 1947)* Small in size comparison to ENIAC.
* Laser power consumption & better performance.
* Magnetic tapes & Magnetic disks were used as secondary memory.
* Magnetic ferrite core memories were used as main memory which is a Random Access Memory.
* High level languages like FORTRAN , COBOL etc were used.
* Separate input-output processors were developed that could operate in parallel with CPU.
* Punched cards continued During this period also.
* Increasingly used in Business, Industry & Commercial organisation.
3rd Generation :- 1965 - 1975
{ System 360 Mainframe from IBM, PDP - 8 mini computer from Digital Equipment Corporation }
3rd gen computer
* ICs were used.* Small scale integration & medium scale integration technology were implemented in CPU,I/O Processors.
* In the beginning magnetic core memories were used , but they were replaced by semi conductor memories (RAM / ROM).
* Introduced micro programming.
* Operating system software were introduced.
* Cache & virtual memories were introduced.
* High level languages were standardized by ANSI.
* Database management, Multi-user application, Online systems like closed loop process control, airline reservation, automatic industrial control etc emerged in this period.
4th Generation :- 1975 - 1989
{ Intel's 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Motorola's 68000, 68030, 68040, Apple II, CRAY I/2/X/MP etc.}
4th gen computer
* CPU were introduced ( Complete processors & large section of main memory could be implemented in a single chip )* VLSI design implemented ( thousands of transistors can be placed in a single chip )
* CRT screen, Laser & Inkjet printers, Scanners were developed.
* Semiconductor memory chips were used as the main memory.
* Floppy disks & magnetic tapes were used for backup memory.
* LAN & WAN were developed.
* Introduced C language & Unix OS.
* Introduced Graphical user interface.
* Very compact & increase in the speed of operation.
5th Generation :- 1989 - Present
{ IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs - Pentium 1 /2 /3 /4 /Dual Core /Quad Core, Sun work Stations, Origin 2000, PARAM 10000, IBM SP/2}
5th gen computers
* Computers based on artificial intelligence are available.* Computers use extensive parallel processing, multiple processors etc.
* Introduced "Ultra Large Scale Integration"(ULSI) technology.
< Intel's P4 microprocessor contain 55 million transistors million of components on a single IC chip >
* Super scalar, Vector, SIMD Processors, 32 bit micro controllers & embeded processors, Digital signal processors (DSP) have been developed.
* Memory chip up to 1 GB, Hard disk drives up to 180 GB are available(still increasing)
* Object oriented language like JAVA suitable for internet programming has been developed.
* Introduced World Wide Web (e-mail, e-commerce, multimedia application etc.)
* New operating systems developed [ Windows 95 / 98 / XP / Linux etc. ]
* Got hot pluggable features.
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